PROFIL KARAKTERISTIK KLINIS PASIEN COVID-19 VARIAN OMICRON PADA RUMAH SAKIT DARURAT COVID-19 WISMA ATLET KEMAYORAN

Background : According to WHO, B.1.1529 or omicron has been found as a variant of SARS-CoV-2 with high num-ber of mutations and is easily transmitted. In a month, 108 countries have reported 151.368 cases. This study aims to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with confirmed Covid-19 Omicron variant being treated at Wisma Atlet Kemayoran Hospital. Methods : This research method is descriptive using retrospective data. Secondary data was taken from medical re-cords of patients with Covid-19 Omicron variant who were hospitalized on December 16 – January 16 2022 at Wisma Atlet Kemayoran Hospital. Inclusion criteria was all patients with confirmed mild to moderate COVID-19 Omicron variant. The data were processed by statistical software and analyzed univariately. Results : We reported a total of 227 patients in this study. Majority of samples were women (53.1%), the age average was 19 – 39 years (56.6%), 96.1% had no comorbidities. The majority are foreign travelers (88.2%), with traveler from Asia as much as 70.6%. A total of 96.1% have never had Covid-19 before. As many as 82% have received 2 doses of the vaccine. 56.6% of patients were asymptomatic with symptomatic patients mostly complaint of cough (31.1%). The lowest Hb value was 5.60, the highest leukocyte was 14.39μL, the highest SGOT was 208 U/L, the highest SGPT was 406 U/L and the highest D-Dimer was 8290 ng/mL. A total of 82.5% did not have lung abnormalities seen on x-ray. Conclusion : Covid-19 Omicron variant patients in this study are mostly female, with transmission from foreign trav-elers, the majority are asymptomatic and without pulmonary abnormalities on x-ray, and mostly do not need antibiotic nor antiviral therapy.
Keyword: Clinical characteristic; Covid-19; Omicron

IMPLEMENTASI KEPERAWATAN POLA NAPAS TIDAK EFEKTIF PADA KASUS ASMA BRONKIAL

Lily Marleni¹, Mardiah², Lia Pitriani³

^1,2,3Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Siti Khadijah Palembang

Email : lilyasheeqa@gmail.com

Abstrack

Asma adalah suatu keadaan dimana saluran napas mengalami penyempitan karena hiperaktivitas terhadap rangsangan tertentu, yang menyebaabkan peradangan/inflamasi, penyempitan ini bersipat sementara. Peradangan pada saluran pernapasan disebabkan oleh allergen, yang tampil dalam bentuk ingesta dimana allergen masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui mulut terutama makanan dan obat-obatan. Selain itu juga bisa dalam bentuk inhalan yaitu allergen yang masuk kedalam tubuh melalui hidung seperti debu atau polusi , bulu binatang, serbuk bunga yang menimbulkan gejala sesak napas, mengi, dada terasa nyeri,batuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan Asuhan keperawatan pola napas tidak efektif pada Tn.R dengan kasus Asma Bronkial. Waktu penelitian dilakukan pada tanggal 28 April 2022 di ruang rawat inap Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara M.Hasan Palembang. Metode penguumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode deskriftif dengan cara wawancara dan observasi. Hasil studi kasus pada Tn.R didapatkan pengkajian yaitu kesadaran conpos mentis, pasien tampak sesak, batuk dan mengi, tekanan darah 130/80 mmHg, nadi 80x/menit, Respiration rate 28x/ menit,dan suhu tubuh 36,5 ^OC. Diagnosa yang ditegakkan yaitu pola napas tidak efektif berhubungan dengan hambatan upaya napas.Adapun implementasi keperawatan yang dilakukan mengatur posisi semi flowler, memberikan O2,meng observasi tanda-tanda vital, memonitor kemampuan batuk efektif, memonitor pola napas, mengajarkan batuk efektif, mengajarkan relaksasi napas dlam, memberikan minum air hangat, dan menganjurkan pasien istirahat yang cukup..Evaluasi keperawatan dengan metode SOAP dengan masalah pla napas tidak efektif masalah teratasi. Dengan demikian diharapkan kepada pasien olahraga yang tidak berlebihan, hindari asap rokok,yang menyebabkan sesak napas dan batuk menjaga lingkuangan yang nyaman dan bersih

Kata Kunci : Asma Bronkial,  Implementasi Keperawatan, Pola Napas Tidak Efektif

Penatalaksanaan TB Diseminata dan Pneumonia Pada Pasien Gangguan Hati Kronis : Sebuah Laporan Kasus

Iis Widiayati¹, Jesica Supriadi¹, Nenny Agustanti², Pandji Irani Fianza³

¹Departemen Penyakit Dalam, Rumah Sakit Umum Hasan Sadikin, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

²Divisi Gastroenterohepatologi, Departemen Penyakit Dalam, Rumah Sakit Umum Hasan Sadikin, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

³ Divisi Hematoonkologi Medik, Departemen Penyakit Dalam, Rumah Sakit Umum Hasan Sadikin, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

ABSTRAK

     Frekuensi tuberkulosis meningkat empat belas kali lipat pada pasien dengan penyakit hati kronis dan sirosis hati (SH). Pemilihan obat anti tuberkulosis (OAT) pada pasien SH perlu memperhatikan derajat fibrosis hati. Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kedua tersering yang menyebabkan Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) setelah Secondary Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP). CLIF Consortium Organ Failure Score  (CLIF-SOFA) dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi mortalitas SH dengan pneumonia.

     Seorang laki-laki berusia 53 tahun datang ke instalasi gawat darurat (IGD) dengan keluhan buang air besar hitam. Keluhan disertai adanya batuk lama, penurunan berat badan, demam, serta keringat malam. Pasien sudah diketahui menderita hepatitis B dan mendapatkan terapi Tenofovir sejak April 2022. Pasien didiagnosa dengan TB diseminata (TB milier dan peritonitis TB) dan terkonfirmasi dengan ditemukannya Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) pada  hasil Tes Cepat Molekuler (TCM) sputum dan cairan asites. Pasien diterapi dengan regimen RHES. Pada hari perawatan kelima pasien didiagnosa dengan Hospital Acquired Pneumonia dan mendapatkan terapi Ceftazidime dan Levofloxacine. Pasien meninggal pada hari perawatan kesembilan karena repiratory failure.

     Pasien dengan Child-Turcotte-Pugh score  13 sebaiknya pasien diterapi dengan menggunakan obat yang tidak hepatotoksik selama 18-24 bulan. Pasien mengalami pneumonia pada hari perawatan kelima dengan skor CLIF-SOFA 10. Pneumonia mencetuskan terjadinya ACLF pada pasien. Semakin tinggi skor CLIF-SOFA, maka akan meningkatkan mortalitas pasien SH dengan pneumonia.

     Pemilihan OAT pada pasien dengan sirosis hati harus disesuaikan dengan derajat fibrosis hati. Deteksi infeksi pneumonia dan perhitungan CLIF-SOFA pada pasien SH dalam perawatan harus dilakukan sedini mungkin karena pneumonia merupakan penyebab ACLF kedua tersering dan meningkatkan mortalitas pada pasien sirosis hati.

Kata kunci: TB diseminata, pneumonia, sirosis hepatis, obat anti tuberkulosis

ABSTRACT

     Tuberculosis incidence increases fourteenfold in chronic liver disease and cirrhotic patients. The degree of liver fibrosis must be considered when selecting anti-tuberculosis drugs in cirrhotic patients. After Secondary Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP), Pneumonia is the second most common cause of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF). CLIF Consortium Organ Failure Score (CLIF-SOFA) can predict mortality in cirrhotic and pneumonia patients.

     A 53-year-old man arrived at the emergency department complaining of black stools, a long cough, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The patient had been treated for hepatitis B with Tenofovir since April 2022. He was diagnosed with disseminated tuberculosis (miliary and peritonitis tuberculosis). His sputum and ascites fluid contained Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). He received RHES regimen treatment. He was diagnosed with Hospital Acquired Pneumonia on the fifth day and was given Ceftazidime and Levofloxacine. He died on the ninth day due to respiratory failure.

     Patients with a Child-Turcotte-Pugh score of 13 should be treated for 18-24 months with non-hepatotoxic drugs. On the fifth day, the patient developed pneumonia, and his CLIF-SOFA score was 10. In this patient, pneumonia can trigger ACLF. The higher the CLIF-SOFA score, the greater the mortality in a cirrhotic patient with pneumonia.

     We must consider the degree of liver fibrosis when selecting anti-tuberculosis drugs for patients with liver cirrhosis. Early detection of pneumonia is critical and the calculation of CLIF-SOFA score in cirrhotic patients must be performed as early as possible because pneumonia is the second most common cause of ACLF and it might increase mortality risk in cirrhotic patients.

Keywords: Disseminated TB, pneumonia, cirrhosis, anti-tuberculosis drugs

COVID-19 Coinfection and Vaccination Profile Amongst People with HIV/AIDS (PWHA) in Indonesia: a Preliminary Study

Sasfia Candrianita¹, Rudi Wisaksana^1,2, Yovita Hartantri^1,2, Uun Sumardi^1,2, Susantina Prodjosoewojo^1,2, Marita Restie Tiara¹, Primal Sudjana^1,2, Bachti Alisjahbana^1,2

¹Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran / Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia

²Tropical Disease and Infection Division, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran / Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction

                COVID-19 pandemic that has been occurred for more than two years yields a huge impact for PWHA population. Due to their immunocompromised status, PWHA have greater risk of being coinfected with COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccine as a preventive way of SARS CoV-2 virus transmission has been administered for the PWHA, however the epidemiological studies remain limited.

Method

                This was the first cross-sectional study in Indonesia, analysing COVID-19 coinfection and vaccination coverage in the PWHA population. A total of 307 PWHA who came to the HIV Clinic, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital were included in this study. The data regarding social history, HIV medical history, comorbidity, as well as COVID-19 coinfection and vaccination was obtained from both anamnesis and medical record. The patients` sera were obtained for IgG and IgM SARS CoV-2 rapid test analyses. Analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20, utilising Chi-square test for descriptive analysis.

Results

                Three-hundred and seven PWHA from the total of 1971 patients in the HIV clinic during June 2021 – November 2021 period were included. The median age of the patient was 37 (35 – 38) years. Men dominated the PWHA population (230 people, 75%) with male have sex with male as the key population (100 people, 32.4%). On average, the PWHA were on the stadium I HIV (298 people, 96.4%), with 24.3% (75 people) had pulmonary TB coinfection and 7.1% (22 people) had extrapulmonary TB coinfection. Majority of the patients have CD4 > 200 (20.4%) and undetected viral load (13.9%). The patients consumed antiretroviral therapy daily (305 people, 98.7%). There were 13.6% (48 people) of PWHA with COVID-19 coinfection history. First-dose vaccination has been administered within 78.6% (246 people) PWHA, whereas there were 59.5% (188 people) PWHA who received second-dose vaccination. Rapid tests showed positive IgG SARS CoV-2 in 55% (170 people) PWHA, nevertheless IgM SARS CoV-2 was detected in 1.9% (6 people) PWHA. There was 61.3% seroconversion of the SARS CoV-2 IgG antibody following COVID-19 first-dose vaccination (p-value <0.05).

Discussion

Immunocompromised status of the PWHA renders the population towards vulnerability of having secondary infection. The COVID-19 infection risk in the PWHA population is somewhat similar to the general population. First-dose vaccination coverage in the PWHA impressively surpassed the national coverage target (>70%), though in the beginning of the pandemic there was hesitancy to complete the vaccination. Vaccination was significantly associated with seroconversion towards IgG SARS CoV-2 antibody in the PWHA population.

Conclusion

This was the first epidemiological study regarding COVID-19 coinfection and vaccination in the PWHA population in Indonesia. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for the PWHA population.

Keywords: Antibody, COVID-19, HIV, PWHA, Vaccine

Fall and Rise Phenomenon pada Tuberkulosis Paru Poliresisten dengan Intoleransi Rifampisin: Sebuah Tantangan dalam Diagnostik dan Terapeutik

Nabila Nauli Asriputri¹, Naufal Fauzan Ihsan², Arto Yuwono Soeroto³

¹Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran / RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin, Bandung

²Tuberculosis Working Group, Pusat Riset Pengelolaan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Infeksi (PRP3I) Universitas Padjadjaran

³Divisi Pulmonologi dan Respirasi Kritis, Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran / RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin, Bandung 

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Penanganan tuberkulosis (TB) yang tidak tepat dapat menyebabkan fall and rise phenomenon, yaitu peningkatan kembali jumlah bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) karena pengobatan tidak adekuat yang meningkatkan kemungkinan kekambuhan dan kekebalan obat. Penanganan semakin sulit dengan adanya intoleransi terhadap rifampisin.

Laporan Kasus: Seorang wanita 43 tahun dengan riwayat pengobatan TB paru berulang dirujuk ke RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung karena diduga mengalami TB resisten obat (TB-RO). Pasien mempunyai riwayat pengobatan TB sejak tahun 2009 – 2022, namun keluhan terus berulang dan semakin memberat. Pemilihan regimen OAT menjadi semakin sulit karena adanya riwayat intoleransi terhadap rifampisin. Uji kepekaan obat fenotipik dan genotipik menunjukkan adanya resistensi isoniazid, ethambutol, pirazinamid, serta fluorokuinolon. Pengobatan TB diputuskan menggunakan regimen individual karena adanya poliresistensi.

Diskusi: TB poliresisten merupakan kondisi dimana seseorang mengalami resistensi terhadap lebih dari satu OAT lini pertama selain isoniazid dan rifampisin secara bersamaan. Kondisi ini dapat dilatarbelakangi terjadinya fall and rise phenomenon, dimana pengobatan TB yang tidak adekuat dapat menurunkan jumlah kuman MTB di awal, namun organisme yang bertahan dapat berproliferasi dan bermutasi, sehingga meningkatkan risiko kekambuhan dan resistensi. Deteksi TB-RO dilakukan dengan uji kepekaan obat fenotipik dan genotipik. Akan tetapi, akses pemeriksaan ini masih terbatas sehingga diagnosis TB-RO masih menjadi tantangan. Penentuan regimen dipersulit dengan intoleransi rifampisin. Pada kasus ini, tatalaksana dengan regimen individual TB multi drug resistant (TB-MDR) dapat menjadi pilihan

Kesimpulan: Anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik mendetail, serta akses pemeriksaan penunjang berperan penting pada diagnosis TB, terutama pada kasus kekambuhan berulang. Pemberian regimen pengobatan yang sesuai dengan panduan dapat mencegah terjadinya kegagalan dan resistensi.

Kata Kunci: tuberkulosis, poliresisten, intoleransi, rifampisin

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Inadequate treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can result in a rise in the number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria, increasing the risk of recurrence and drug resistance. This phenomenon is known as the fall and rise phenomenon. Rifampicin intolerance makes treatment more challenging.

Case Presentation: A 43-year-old woman with a history of recurrent treatment for TB was referred to Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung because of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) suspected. Despite receiving TB therapy from 2009 to 2022, the patient's problems continue to persist and worsen. A history of rifampicin intolerance makes selecting an OAT regimen more challenging. Phenotypic and genotypic drug sensitivity tests showed resistance to isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and fluoroquinolones. Treatment of TB was decided with individualized regimen due to polyresistance.

Discussion: Polyresistant TB defined as a condition in which a person develops concurrent resistance to more than one first-line medication other than isoniazid and rifampin. This condition may be caused by the fall and rise phenomenon, wherein insufficient TB therapy may initially result in a reduction in the number of MTB germs, but the surviving organisms may then multiply and undergo mutations, raising the chance of recurrence and resistance. Phenotypic and genotypic drug sensitivity testing were used to detect DR-TB. However, since the access to this examination is still limited, the diagnosis of DR-TB is still difficult. Rifampicin intolerance makes choosing a therapy regimen more challenging. In this case, treatment with an individual regimen of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) may be an option.

Conclusion: Detailed history and physical examination, as well as access to supporting examinations play  important roles in the diagnosis of TB, particularly in cases of repeated recurrence. Providing a treatment regimen that is in accordance with the guidelines can prevent failure and resistance.

Keywords: tuberculosis, polyresistant, intolerance, rifampicin

HUBUNGAN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA DAN COVID-19

Telly Kamelia, Jihaan Hafirain

Divisi Pulmonologi dan Medik Kritis, Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta

ABSTRAK

Pandemi Covid-19, infeksi saluran nafas yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV2, menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. World Health Organization (WHO) melaporkan lebih dari 533 juta kasus terkonfirmasi Covid, dengan 6,3 juta kematian di seluruh dunia.1  Di Indonesia, kasus Covid-19 sempat menurun di awal tahun 2022 namun akhir-akhir ini kembali meningkat. Berdasarkan laporan Kementrian Kesehatan RI, tedapat 6.668 kasus aktif di Indonesia dengan 1.173 kasus terkonfirmasi baru per tanggal 16 Juni 2022.2 Pasien terkonfirmasi Covid-19 memiliki derajat keparahan yang beragam, dari tidak bergejala, bergejala ringan, sedang, berat hingga kritis. Derajat keparahan ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, termasuk komorbid yang dimiliki pasien.

Kata Kunci : Covid-19, SARS-CoV2

 Analysis Of The Effect Of Web-Based Electronic Expedition On The Time Of Availability Of Medical Records At Mangusada Regional Hospital, Badung Regency

Ni Putu Dian Efriliana¹, I Wayan Widi Karsana², Rai Riska Resty Wasita³

Program Studi Perekam dan Informasi Kesehatan, Universitas Dhyana Pura^1,2,3

Email : efriliana36@gmail.com

Abstract

Expeditions for borrowing and returning inpatient medical records at the Mangusada Regional Hospital are still carried out manually by writing in the expedition book. The use of manual expedition books has a risk, namely data can be lost, torn and data is difficult to find so that it affects the delay in patient service time and delays in providing medical records. The Standard Operating Procedure for providing medical records at the Mangusada Regional Hospital is adjusted to the Minimum Service Standard, which is 15 minutes. The research design used in this study is Pre-Experimental Design. The system development analysis method used is the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Usability test results obtained a percentage value of 80% which can be classified as "Good". The Mann Whitney test results get a significant value of 0.000 <0.05 which indicates the influence of web-based electronic expeditions on the time of providing inpatient medical records at the Mangusada Regional Hospital, Badung Regency. The conclusion obtained in this study is that there is an effect of web-based electronic expeditions on the time of providing inpatient medical records at the Mangusada Regional Hospital, Badung Regency with a significance value of 0.000 and the average time of providing inpatient medical records is 11 minutes.

Keywords: Electronic Expedition, Provision of Medical Records, Hospitalization

Analysis Of The Relationship Between Incompleteness Of The Initial Medical Assessment Form Of Inpatients To The Near-Injury Incidence In The Mangusada Regional Hospital

Ni Putu Anggi Riyani¹, Bambang Hadi Kartiko², Dylla Hanggaeni Dyah Puspaningrum³

Program Studi Perekam dan Informasi Kesehatan, Universitas Dhyana Pura^1,2,3

Email : ptanggiryn@gmail.com

Abstract

Patient safety incidents are events that happen to patients intentionally or not so that the condition can become a potential or result in injury to patients which include Near-Injury Incidence (KNC), Unexpected Incidence (KTD), Unscathed Incidence (KTC), Potential Injury Incidence (KPC) and Sentinel, where this patient safety incident is not allowed to occur in patients and should even be preventable because this has been categorized as a  officer discipline. Based on preliminary observations at Mangusada Hospital, there is an increase in KNC in 2021 compared to other patient safety incidents, namely KTD, KTC, KPC and Sentinel which have decreased every one year. In 2019 there were 41 cases, KNC in 2020 there were 68 cases of KNC and in 2021 it increased to 97 cases of KNC. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the incompleteness of the initial medical assessment form of inpatients to KNC at Mangusada Hospital. The research design used is quantitative analytics. The study sample was an incomplete initial medical assessment form for inpatients as many as 120 in October - December 2021 with sampling using purposive sampling techniques. The instrument of this study is observation and checklist, using univariate and bivariate data analysis. The results of the study from 120 initial medical assessment forms of inpatients obtained incomplete identification reviews totaling 14 (11.7%), incomplete authentication reviews 23 (19.2%), incomplete important reporting reviews 66 (55%) and in incomplete documentation reviews 17 (14.2%). Based on the results of the chi-square test, it was found that the four reviews on the initial medical assessment form of inpatients had a significant relationship with the occurrence of KNC with a p-value of <0.005. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant association of the incompleteness of the four reviews on the initial medical assessment form (identification review, authentification review, important reporting review and documenting review) to the occurrence of KNC with a p-value = 0.000.

Keywords: Incomplete of Initial Medical Assessment Form, Near-Injury Incidence

Editorial

Obstructive Sleep Apnea : Panduan Tatalaksana Diagnostik dan Manajemen Terkini Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) merupakan salah satu jenis gangguan napas saat tidur yang sering terjadi. Prevalensi OSA diperkirakan mencapai 14% pada pria dan 5% pada wanita. Penyakit OSA terjadi akibat episode berulang hambatan jalan napas atas, baik secara total (apnea) maupun parsial (hipopnea). Obstruksi ini menyebabkan penurunan saturasi oksigen, hipoksia, dan hiperkapnia. Gejala yang dialami adalah dengkuran keras dan episode henti napas saat tidur di malam hari, sulit mempertahankan tidur, lelah, mengantuk, dan sulit konsentrasi di siang hari. Diagnosis OSA dapat ditegakkan melalui hasil polisomnografi (PSG), bila terdapat 2 atau lebih kriteria berikut: 1. Terdapat 5 atau lebih kejadian obstruksi pernapasan (apnea obstruktif dan campuran, hipopnea, atau respiratory effort-related arousals/RERA) per jam tidur pada pasien dengan satu atau lebih gejala: - Rasa kantuk berlebihan, tidur non-restoratif, kelelahan, atau muncul gejala insomnia - Bangun tidur dengan tahanan napas, terengah-engah, atau tersedak - Kebiasaan mendengkur, gangguan napas, atau keduanya yang disadari oleh orang lain yang tidur bersama atau orang lain - Hipertensi, gangguan mood, gangguan kognitif, penyakit arteri koroner, stroke, gagal jantung kongesti, atrial fibrilasi, atau diabetes melitus tipe 2. 2. Terdapat 5 atau lebih kejadian obstruksi pernapasan lebih kejadian obstruksi pernapasan (apnea obstruktif dan campuran, hipopnea, atau RERA) per jam tidur berdasarkan baku emas polisomnografi.

Telly Kamelia

Pengaruh Terapi Musik Terhadap Kecemasan Pada Pasien Dengan Ventilasi Mekanik Di Ruang ICU

Heni Bayu Putri

Mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan IKesT Muhammadiyah Palembang
Institut Kesehatan dan Teknologi Muhammadiyah Palembang

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang : Intensive Care Unit (ICU) merupakan bagian di rumah sakit dengan staf dan perlengkapan yang khusus. Ventilator atau ventilasi mekanik merupakan mesin teknologi untuk membantu fungsi pernapasan. Pasien yang terpasang ventilasi mekanik sering sekali mengalami peningkatan stress fisik, dan psikologis yang menimbulkan kecemasan. Untuk mengatasi kecemasan dapat di obati dengan farmakologi dan non farmakologi. Terapi musik dapat mengalihkan perhatian seseorang dari stress dan kecemasan. Tujuan : Untuk Menganalisis artikel jurnal penelitian tentang Pengaruh Terapi Musik Terhadap Kecemasan Pada Pasien Dengan Ventilasi Mekanik di Ruang ICU. Metode Penelitian : Metode penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Review Literature. Pencarian artikel menggunakan database elektronik seperti google scholar, pubmed, dan sciendirect. Kombinasi kata kunci yang di gunakan adalah terapi musik, kecemasan, ventilasi mekanik, kecemasan pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik di ruang ICU, terapi musik untuk kecemasan pasien ICU. Hasil : Berdasarkan hasil ulasan 10 artikel di dapatkan bahwa fenomena yang telah dijelaskan berkaitan dengan terapi musik terhadap kecemasan pasien berventilasi mekanik di ruang ICU mampu mengalihkan perhatian pasien dan menurunkan kecemasan pada pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik di ruang ICU. Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan dari hasil 10 artikel ilmiah yang telah dapat disimpulkan bahwa terapi musik dapat mengurangi kecemasan yang dialami pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik di ruang ICU.
Kata Kunci : Ventilasi Mekanik, Kecemasan, Terapi Musik

Pulmonologi Intervensi Dasar

Steven Zulkifly1, Gurmeet Singh2
1 Dept. Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo
2 Divisi Respirologi dan Penyakit Kritis, Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia,
RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo

ABSTRAK
Bidang pulmonologi intervensi telah mengalami perkembangan pesat dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Penyakit pada daerah pleura kasus yang sering ditemukan dalam praktik klinis sehari-hari baik di instalasi gawat darurat ataupun rawat inap. Intervensi pleura dengan panduan ultrasonografi (USG), pemasangan chest tube ukuran kecil, dan pemasangan indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) telah merubah pendekatan tatalaksana secara signifikan. Modalitas ini bersifat sangat mini invasif dan memberikan luaran yang baik. Selain penyakit pleura, keganasan paru juga menjadi salah satu penyakit di bidang respirologi yang sering ditemukan. Diagnosis yang cepat dan tepat sangat diperlukan untuk menentukan tata laksana yang efektif. Untuk lesi yang terletak di perifer paru atau dinding dada, tindakan transthoracal needle aspiration / biopsy (TTNA/B) menjadi pilihan dikarenakan prosedur yang bersifat minimal invasif. Oleh sebab itu, pada literatur ini akan dibahas lebih lanjut mengenai indikasi, kontraindikasi, persiapan, prosedur, dan komplikasi dari tindakan-tindakan tersebut.
Kata Kunci : torakosentesis, chest tube, indwelling pleural catheter, transthoracal needle aspiration / biopsy

Current Approach to Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis

Mawin Mahen*, Gurmeet Singh**
*Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
**Division of Respirology & Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Indonesia

ABSTRAK

Jumlah pasien yang pulih dari COVID-19 terus meningkat di seluruh dunia, namun ada kekhawatiran mengenai konsekuensi jangka panjang pada organ paru pasien penyintas COVID-19. Fibrosis paru pasca-COVID-19 (post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis, PCPF) telah diketahui sebagai komplikasi COVID-19, dapat terjadi pada sejumlah besar penyintas COVID-19, dan dapat bertahan berbulan-bulan setelah awitan infeksi. Patogenesis PCPF belum sepenuhnya dipahami dan kemungkinan bersifat multifaktorial, melibatkan beberapa jalur seperti inflamasi, hipoksia, dan tromboemboli. Pasien dengan penyakit yang lebih parah, usia lebih tua, dan memiliki komorbiditas berisiko lebih besar terkena PCPF. Pasien PCPF mungkin asimtomatik atau bergejala, paling sering berupa sesak napas pada berbagai tingkat keparahan, dan pemeriksaan paling baik dilakukan dengan CT resolusi tinggi. Saat ini tidak ada terapi yang sudah terbukti efektif untuk PCPF, dan banyak uji klinis sedang berlangsung. Prognosis jangka panjang PCPF juga masih perlu dipelajari lebih lanjut.
Kata kunci: COVID-19, fibrosis paru, fibrosis paru pasca-COVID-19

The Role of External Validation Studies of Clinical Predictive Models (CPMs) in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Hasna Afifah1, Asri C Adisasmita1, Fitriana Nur Rahmawati2, Zulkifli Amin2
1 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia
2 Division of Respirology and Critical Care Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia – Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital

ABSTRAK

Model prediktif klinis atau sistem skoring saat ini makin populer dan mengakibatkan terlalu banyak model skoring yang ada namun studi yang melakukan validasi eksternal terhadap model-model tersebut masih sangat kurang. ARDS merupakan salah satu sindrom penyakit yang memiliki mortalitas dan morbiditas yang tinggi. Model skoring biasanya digunakan dalam memprediksikan luaran pada populasi yang memiliki risiko tinggi seperti pada ARDS. Pada telaah ini kami ingin memberikan gambaran tentang bagaimana studi eksternal harus dilakukan dan dilaporkan khususnya pada area ARDS. Pada area penelitian ARDS, sebagian besar studi validasi eksternal yang telah dilakukan memberikan laporan yang inadekuat, yaitu biasanya hanya menyebutkan diskriminasi saja dan tidak melaporkan kalibrasi. Kami merekomendasikan peneliti untuk mengikuti panduan TRIPOD yang merupakan panduan telaah kritis yang paling relevan dalam menilai dan melaporkan penelitian terkait model skoring. Studi validasi eksternal yang dilakukan dengan baik dan transparan dapat memudahkan klinisi dan peneliti lain dalam melakukan penilaian mengenai perfoma dan tingkat akurasi suatu model.
Kata kunci: acute respiratory distress syndrome, clinical predictive models, external validation, TRIPOD

SEMI RECUMBENT POSITIONING FOR PREVENTING VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED
PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS REQUIRING MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Harris Soetanto1, Gurmeet Singh2
1.Internal Medicine Dept., Universitas Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital,
Jakarta, Indonesia.
2.Respirology and Critical Illness Division, Internal Medicine Department, Universitas Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine.
Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Background:

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is term to describe pneumonia that develops in a patient who has been on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. VAP has been associated with increased mortality, morbidity, length of intensive care unit stay and duration of mechanical ventilation. VAP can be prevented with put patients in a right postion. Based on the literature, semi recumbent positioning has the advantage of convenience and almost no cost to implement. The purpose of this study is to conduct a evidence based case report to date comparing semi recumbent positioning with supine positioning to clarify their current role in the prevention of VAP.
Method: Literature search was performed on the PubMed, Cochrane library, Proquest, Elsevier, and EBSCO. Inclusion criteria of this literature searching was meta analysis, systematic review, and randomized control trial articles, adult requiring mechanical ventilation, compare semi recumbent and supine position. The exclusion criteria was language used other than English or Indonesian
Result: Two meta analysis included in this study. semi recumbent postioning has a significant reduction in clinically suspected VAP and a trend toward a reduction of all cause mortality. Even though, results of this review need to be interpreted cautiously due to the risk of bias.
Conclusion: There is no associated nursing cost in applying semi recumbent position and potential benefit of reducing clinically suspected VAP, so Semi recumbent position (>30o) should be applied if no contraindications are present
Keywords: ventilator associated pneumonia, semi recumbent, supine, mechanically ventilated

ABSTRACT

Background: Parapneumonic effusion is a type of pleural effusion that arises as a result of a pneumonia. It can occur in 57% of pneumonia cases in adults. Current guidelines recommend that if chest tube drainage is ineffective, then surgical procedures should be first line management. Morbidity and mortality rate of surgical intervention are on concern. Less invasive therapies still need to be considerable clinical utility. Intrapleural Fibrinolytic agents have been used safely and effectively for complicated parapneumonic effusion but its role in parapneumonic effusion is still unknown.
Method: Literature search was performed on the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Proquest, Scopus, and EBSCO Host. Inclusion criteria of this literature searching was meta analysis, systematic review, and randomized control trial articles, articles in English or Indonesian, adult with parapneumonic effusions, and compare of fibrinolytic agents with placebo. The exclusion criteria was animal and in vitro research. Critical appraisal was assessed using FAITH tool.
Result: Three meta analysis included in this study. All of the studies concluded that there is no evidence intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy better than placebo to prevent mortality in adult with parapneumonic effusions. Even though, it is associated with reduction in surgical intervention and overall treatment failure.
Conclusion: Fibrinolytic therapy is potentially benefi cial in the management of parapneumonic effusions in the adult population. Although there is insuffi cient evidence to support the routine use of this therapy for all parapneumonic effusions. Fibrinolytic therapy may be considered in patients with loculated pleural effusions, because it may prevent the need for surgical intervention.
Keywords: Parapneumonic effusion, Intrapleural fibrinolytic, mortality

Dazril Wiradinata ¹,  Prayudi Santoso^1,2, Arto Yuwono Soeroto^1,2

¹ Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

² Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam-Divisi Pulmonologi dan Respirasi Kritis, Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat dr. Hasan Sadikin - Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

Abstract

     Pleural effusions can develop as a direct consequence of uremia (uremic pleuritis) which occurred in 40% of the end stage renal disease patients on chronic hemodialysis in one study. The diagnosis of uremic pleuritis is challenging as there is no pathognomonic diagnostic test.

     In this case, a 68 year old woman who is known to have end-stage chronic renal failure on chronic hemodialysis with shortness of breath was admitted. Previously, the patient had undergone pleurocentesis twice in 2 week intervals. Further examination found a unilateral pleural effusion. Therapeutic pleurocentesis was done uneventfully and modified light’s criteria was exudated. Adenosine deaminase 15.5 U/L, negative bacterial and mycobacterial. Pleural fluid cytology revealed nonspecific chronic inflammation, no lymphocytic effusion and no malignant cells was noted.

     Uremic pleuritis is diagnosed by excluding other causes that persists or recurs despite aggressive haemodialysis. A close relationship between the degree of uremia and the occurrence of pleural effusions has not been found. Effusion is exudative with predominant lymphocytes and cytology reveals nonspecific chronic inflammation. Most patients respond to continuation of hemodialysis, but corticosteroids may have benefit for refractory uremic pleuritis. Some patients may develop pleural fibrosis with a trapped lung and about 20% of cases the pleuritis persists, recurs or occasionally progresses to restrictive ventilatory dysfunction that needs decortication.

      We need to consider this diagnosis in patients with end-stage renal disease despite routine hemodialysis because of the high incidence of uremic pleuritis. There are no pathognomonic signs, so all causes of pleural effusion must be excluded first.

Keyword: uremic pleuritis, end stage renal disease, pleural effusion

Kartika Juwita1, Gurmeet Singh2, Adhrie Sugiarto3, Hamzah Shatri4
1Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia
2Respirology and Critical Care Medicine Division, Dept.of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia
3Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia
4Psychosomatic Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia
ABSTRACT

Background: Pneumonia is a common respiratory tract infection which is considered as one of the top causes of death. Patients with severe pneumonia often require intubation in order to achieve adequate ventilation. Extubation failure, however, is associated with increased complications and mortality. We aim to determine the predictors associated with extubation failure in patients with severe pneumonia.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, which included patients with severe pneumonia intubated in the intensive care unit of Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital over the period of 2015-2019. Patient characteristics, laboratory values and outcomes were retrieved from medical records. Relationships between variables and extubation outcomes were assessed in bivariate analysis and multivariate cox regression model.
Results: A total of 192 subjects with severe pneumonia was included in this study. Incidence of extubation failure among patients with severe pneumonia was 70.3%, with a mortality rate of 85.2%. Bivariate analyses found that age of >60 years, smoking history, moderate-to-severe Charlson Comorbidity Index, renal replacement therapy, not having neuromuscular disease, procalcitonin >2 ng/mL, and APACHE II score of ≥25 were associated with extubation failure. In multivariate analysis, moderate-to-severe Charlson Comorbidity Index (HR 2.254, 95% CI 1.353-3.755, p=0.002) and procalcitonin > 2 ng/mL (HR 1.859, 95% CI 1.037-3.333) were found to be independent predictors of extubation failure in patients with severe pneumonia.
Conclusion: Moderate-to-severe Charlson Comorbidity index and procalcitonin level of >2 ng/mL were independent predictors of extubation failure in patients with severe pneumonia.
Keywords: severe pneumonia, extubation failure, Charlson Comorbidity Index, procalcitonin

Muhammad Ifham Hanif¹,   Taufik Ridwan Hadi Kusuma², Saiful Hidayat², Naufal Aminur Rahman²

1. Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung
2. Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta

Correspondence: muhammadifhamhanif@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Introduction: As the WHO has declared that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global emergency, clinical predictors of severity must be identified to optimize the treatment. Hypertension is the most prevalent comorbidity. It has been commonly reported that it increases the mortality rate, although some research has shown conflicting results. This study aims to measure some literature on the correlation between hypertension and mortality rate in COVID-19.

Methods: This study is a meta-analysis. The research was conducted using secondary data by searching and selecting clinical studies. The article searching was through a systematic and comprehensive database from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Springer Link. Articles were collected using the PRISMA diagram, critically appraised using the PRISMA checklist and PICO analysis, then the data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4.1 application with Random Effect Model (REM). The analysis results are the effect size, heterogeneity, and the study model.

Results: Based on the meta-analysis from the five included studies, the hypertension group had a 2.76-fold higher risk of mortality (RR 2.76, 95% CI 2.58-2.96) caused by COVID-19 compared to the group without hypertension. I2 statistics showed heterogeneities among the included studies, and hence the random effect model is used. Funnel plots were plotted for the included studies in the meta-analysis, which suggested a publication bias in the studies of our meta-analysis.

Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with hypertension are associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality rate.

Keywords: Hypertension, COVID-19, Mortality rate.

Perkembangan di bidang respirologi khususnya di bidang tuberkulosis paru mengalami perubahan yang cukup banyak, terutama dalam pengobatan TBC RO. Program TBC RO yang sering disebut sebagai TB Multi Drug Resistant  dimulai pada tahun 2019. Seiring dengan perkembangannya, jumlah kasus TBC RO yang ditemukan semakin meningkat dan tantangan yang dihadapi juga semakin komplek. Pengobatan dimulai dengan regimen standar pada semua pasien dengan menggunakan dasar regimen injeksi Kanamisin/Kapreomisin sesuai dengan rekomendasi WHO. Seiring dengan perkembangan pengobatan MDR, mulai diperkenalkan tahun 2015 obat Bedaquilin oleh WHO sebagai obat baru untuk terapi MDR. Perkembangan selanjutnya, pada tahun 2017,  terapi MDR TB dapat diperpendek yang kita sebut sebagai terapi jangka pendek di bawah 1 tahun , tetapi masih memakai regimen suntik. Penelitian terus dilakukan dan diperkenalkan Delamanid sebagai obat untuk regimen jangka panjang pada tahun 2018. Setahun kemudian mulai diperkenalkan regimen all oral longer regimen. Regimen all oral shorter regimen mulai digunakan pada tahun 2020, jadi praktis sejak tahun 2020  semua pasien TB MDR menggunakan regimen tanpa suntikan, kecuali pada kasus-kasus tertentu saja yang menggunakan regimen suntik. Indonesia termasuk negara yang sangat cepat mengadopsi pengobatan TB MDR yang dicanangkan oleh WHO.

ABSTRACT

Background: Extubating failure due to severe pneumonia increases morbidity and mortality. Systemic adaptive immunity, T lymphocyte cells CD4/CD8 in blood, has special role as a mortality predictor in severe pneumonia. Further study still needed to evaluate local adaptive immunity through bronchoalveolar lavage cellular examination in both lungs.
Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the differences between T lymphocytes CD4/CD8 in both lungs based on extubating status and mortality status.
Methods: We performed a cohort prospective study of 40 patients with severe pneumonia whom underwent endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy hospitalized in intensive care unit between November 2020 to January 2021 in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital. Primary data was taken and analyzed using univariate and bivariate to investigate mean or median differences with unpaired t-test for normal numeric distribution data and Mann-Whitney test for abnormal distribution numeric data.
Result: The proportion of extubating failure was 80% and mortality rate was 75%. There were significantly different results of BALF CD4 T cells lymphocyte fraction in severe pneumonia group of patients based on extubating status (p=0,006) and mortality status (p=0,002). Blood CD4 T cells lymphocyte fraction and blood CD4/CD8 T cells lymphocyte ratio were found significantly higher in the successfully extubating group of patients compared to extubating failure group of patients; and also, significantly higher in survived group of patients compared to mortality group of patients with pneumonia severe.
Conclusion: Fraction of CD4 BALF in severely injured pneumonia lungs group of patients who had successful intubation processes were statistically different compared to the group of patients with unsuccessful extubating. Fraction of CD4 BALF were also found statistically different in the group of patients who were survived compared to the group of patients who were passed away.
Key Words: Local Adaptive Immunity; Subset T Lymphocyte; CD4 cells; CD8 cells; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Extubating failure; Severe Pneumonia

ABSTRACT

Background: COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was declared a pandemic in early 2020. Moderate degree COVID-19 patients are generally hospitalized and receive several treatment regimens. Vitamin D3 is one of the additions to the standard therapy of COVID-19. Calcifediol is a more potent vitamin D3, able to increase serum 25OHD levels rapidly. However, it is not yet known the effectiveness of calcifediol in reducing mortality and worsening of COVID-19. Objective: Figure out the effectiveness of calcifediol and standard therapies in reducing mortality or clinical worsening of COVID-19 hospitalization patients.
M
ethods: The literature search was conducted through five databases: Pubmed, Cochrane, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Scopus. Three literatures that matched clinical questions and eligibility criteria were then critically examined using Oxford’s Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) and Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) forms.
Result: The three selected studies include one RCT and two cohort studies. All studies used calcifediol at doses of 0.266 mg/capsule and standard therapy according to hospital protocol. All three studies suggest that calcifediol and standard therapy can lower the risk of mortality compared to standard therapy use alone, two studies suggest it can reduce clinical worsening in the form of ICU admission.
Conclusion: Administration of calcifediol in addition to standard therapy of COVID-19 inpatients results in a better decrease in mortality and clinical worsening than standard therapy alone.
Keywords: Calcifediol, COVID-19, standard therapy, hospitalization

ABSTRACT

Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is condition of weakness that found in critically ill patient when no reasonable reason besides the presence of critical illness. This condition often occurs in intensive care unit (ICU) patient that undergo prolong bed rest. Rehabilitation intervention has important role to prevent and manage this condition. This case report aims to depict the role of rehabilitation management in ICU patient and its benefit.
Keywords: rehabilitation, intensive care unit acquired weakness

ABSTRACT

I
ntroduction: Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a relatively rare autoimmune disorder caused by an antibody-mediated blockage of neuromuscular transmission resulting in a skeletal muscle weakness and rapid muscle fatigue. Muscular weakness in MG can affect ocular, limb, respiratory, and bulbar muscles, which varies over time and is often activity or exercise induced. Case Illustration: A 28-year-old man with easily fatigued when performing working activities as an anesthesiology resident such as manual bagging, intubation, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patient was diagnosed with MG with dominant symptoms which are hand tremors and fatigue. From physical examination, we found fair left hand grip strength, relatively similar dexterity on both hands, exercise intolerance, low cardiorespiratory and muscle endurance. Laboratory examination showed negative antibodies for MG. Radiology findings showed that he had no abnormalities. The patient did several physical exercises given by physiatrist, such as aerobic exercise, upper extremity resistance exercise, task-spesific exercise, and core muscle exercise. Discussion: Exercise capacity in MG may be restricted by proximal muscle weakness, fatigability, and impairment in respiratory muscle function. Physical exercise leads to an immune response, with a rise in T regulatory cells, decreased immunoglobulin secretion, and a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance towards a decreased Th1 cell production. Beneficial effects of physical activity are improvements in mood, reduction in fatigue, and positive effects on cognition and mobility. Conclusion: Physical exercise such as aerobic exercise and resistance training on upper extremities are proven to reduce fatigue and hand tremors, and also improve the quality of life of MG patients.
Keywords: myasthenia gravis, physical exercise

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Pada COVID-19 kritis, terdapat pelepasan masif IL-6 yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Oleh karena itu, pemberian antagonis reseptor IL-6 diharapkan dapat mengurangi gejala dan kematian. Namun, belum terdapat bukti yang cukup terkait waktu pemberian antagonis reseptor IL-6 pada pasien COVID-19 yang berat dan kritis.
Tujuan: Laporan kasus berbasis bukti ini dibuat untuk mengetahui waktu pemberian antagonis reseptor IL-6 untuk menurunkan mortalitas dan memperbaiki klinis pada pasien COVID-19 kritis.
Metode: Penelusuran studi dengan desain sytematic review and meta analysis of RCT dan randomized controlled trial (RCT) melalui PubMed, Cochrane, dan Science Direct. Kemudian, studi dilakukan seleksi dan dilanjutkan telaah kritis menggunakan panduan dari Central of Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) Oxford University.
Hasil: Didapatkan 1 studi sytematic review and meta analysis of RCT oleh Lin dkk dan 1 studi RCT oleh Lescure dkk. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah pemberian antagonis reseptor IL-6 tidak terlalu berpengaruh pada mortalitas (OR = 0,92; 95% CI, 0,66-1,28), tetapi memberikan efek yang baik terhadap perbaikan klinis. Kedua studi tersebut memberikan antagonis reseptor IL-6 pada 10 hari pertama sejak timbul gejala.
Kesimpulan: Pemberian antagonis reseptor IL-6, terutama tocilizumab, pada 10 hari pertama sejak timbul gejala membantu memperbaiki klinis pasien, tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan mortalitas.
Kata Kunci: COVID-19 kritis, antagonis reseptor IL-6, waktu pemberian, mortalitas, perbaikan klinis

ABSTRACT

Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has become the main health issue worldwide. COVID-19 has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranged from asymptomatic to critical disease, which further can lead to death. In the advanced stage, COVID-19 can cause ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), sepsis shock, and multiorgan failure that increase the hospitalization and mortality rate. Presently, the administration of high dose vitamin C (> 5 gram/day) is being considered as the adjuvant therapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patient. Objective: To explore the effect of high dose vitamin C in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
M
ethods: Literature searching was done in five different databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, SpringerLink, Semantic Scholar, and EBSCOhost) with „vitamin C‟, „high dose‟, „COVID-19‟, and „outcome‟ as the keywords.. The subsequent critical appraisal was performed in four relevant studies to assess the validity, importance, and applicability using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine checklist. Result: Three studies showed that administration of high dose intravenous vitamin C in hospitalized COVID-19 patient could reduce COVID-19 symptoms, improve laboratory result, and prevent the aggravation of COVID-19 disease, yet its effect in reducing mortality rate was not seen yet. Meanwhile, one study didn‟t show any good effect from the administration of high dose oral vitamin C in COVID-19 patient. Conclusion: The administration of high dose intravenous vitamin C can be considered as the adjuvant therapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Keywords: high dose vitamin C, COVID-19, clinical symptom improvement, laboratory value improvement, mortality rate reduction